NMR spectroscopy based metabonomic studies on the comparative biochemistry of the kidney and urine of the bank vole ( Clethrionomys glareolus), wood mouse ( Apodemus sylvaticus), white toothed shrew ( Crocidura suaveolens) and the laboratory rat

The metabolic profiles of three wild mammals that vary in their trophic strategies, the herbivorous bank vole ( Clethrionomys glareolus), the granivorous wood mouse ( Apodemus sylvaticus), and the insectivorous white-toothed shrew ( Crocidura suaveolens), were compared with that of a widely used strain of laboratory rat (Sprague Dawley). In conjunction with NMR spectroscopic investigations into the urine and blood plasma composition for these mammals, high resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied to investigate the composition of intact kidney samples. Adaptation to natural diet affects both renal metabolism and urinary profiles, and while these techniques have been used to study the metabolism of the laboratory rat little is known about wild small mammals. The species were readily separated by their urinary profiles using either crude metabolite ratios or statistical pattern recognition. Bank vole urine contained higher concentrations of aromatic amino acids compared with the other small mammals, while the laboratory rats produced relatively more hippurate. HRMAS 1H-NMR demonstrated striking differences in both lipid concentration and composition between the wild mammals and Sprague Dawley rats. Bank voles contained high concentrations of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan in all tissue and biofluids studied. This study demonstrates the analytical power of combined NMR techniques for the study of inter-species metabolism and further demonstrates that metabolic data acquired on laboratory animals cannot be extended to wild species.