Trace Element Reference Values in Serum Determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Serum reference values for Ba, B, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Li, Se, Sr, and Zn in 141 healthy Norwegians were determined. The trace element concentrations were determined by the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry technique that we have recently validated. The reference intervals were established according to the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Also coverage intervals with coverage uncertainties were calculated according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The population studied consisted of 69 men and 72 women of the ages 21–87 years. The effects of gender, age, smoking, and oral contraceptives on serum levels of trace elements were investigated. Median concentrations of the different trace elements in (μmol/l) were as follows: Ba (0.44), B (1.50), Cd (0.004), Cu (17.1), Fe (21.4), Li (0.06), Mn (0.003), Se (1.26), Sr (0.17), and Zn (13.3). An increase in serum Ba and Sr was detected with age. These metals and Se were also significantly higher in women over 50 years of age in comparison to younger women. Women had higher serum Cu than men and those on oral contraceptives had higher serum Cu and Fe. Serum B tended to increase with age, while it was significantly reduced with smoking.