Profiles of antioxidant/electrophile response element (ARE/EpRE) nuclear protein binding and c-Ha-ras transactivation in vascular smooth muscle cells treated with oxidative metabolites of benzo[ a]pyrene

Activation of nuclear protein binding to the antioxidant/electrophile response element (ARE/EpRE) by benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) is associated with transcriptional deregulation of c-Ha-ras. This response may be mediated by oxidative intermediates of BaP generated during the course of cellular metabolism. To test this hypothesis, the profile of ARE/EpRE protein binding and transactivation elicited by BaP was compared with that of 3-hydroxy BaP (3-OH BaP) (0.03 to 3.0 μM), BaP 7,8-dihydrodiol (BaP 7,8-diol) (0.03 to 3.0 μM), BaP 3,6-quinone (BaP 3,6-Q) (0.0003 to 3.0 μM), and H 2O 2 (25 to 100 μM). Specific protein binding to the consensus c-Ha-ras ARE/EpRE was observed in vSMCs treated with all BaP metabolites at concentrations considerably lower than those required for the parent compound. H 2O 2, a by-product of BaP 3,6-Q redox cycling, also increased binding to the ARE/EpRE. Treatment of vSMCs with oxidative BaP metabolites or H 2O 2 transactivated the c-Ha-ras promoter in all instances, but the response was consistently half of the maximal induction elicited by BaP. Similar proteins cross-linked specifically to the consensus c-Ha-ras ARE/EpRE sequence in cells treated with BaP or its oxidative intermediates. The protein binding profile in the c-Ha-ras promoter was similar to that in the NADPH:quinone reductase gene (NQO 1) and the glutathione S-transferase Ya gene (GSTYa) promoters, but the relative abundance of individual complexes was promoter-specific. We conclude that oxidative intermediates of BaP mediate activation of nuclear protein binding to ARE/EpRE and contribute to transcriptional de-regulation of c-Ha-ras in vSMCs.