Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligand IP-10 during human cardiac allograft rejection

Chemokines play an essential role in regulating the infiltration of leukocytes into allografts in experimental models. Little is known of their expression or function after human cardiac transplantation. We analyzed 169 sequential human endomyocardial biopsies by immunocytochemistry for infiltration by CD3(+) T cells and the expression of the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR3. In both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, the expression of each of the chemokine receptors correlated with the degree of CD3(+) T-cell infiltration. In particular, the expression of CXCR3 was temporally and spatially associated with CD3(+) T-cell infiltrates and correlated with the histopathological diagnosis of acute rejection (OR, 11.73 and 4.05, respectively; P