Population density‐dependent regulation of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodulation genes

The nodulation genes of Bradyrhizobium japonicum are essential for infection and establishment of a nitrogen‐fixing symbiosis. Here, we demonstrate that plant‐produced isoflavones induce nodulation gene expression in a population density‐dependent fashion. Nodulation gene induction is highest at a low population density and significantly reduced in more dense cultures. A quorum signal molecule in the conditioned medium of B. japonicum cultures mediates this repression. Repression in response to the quorum signal results from the induction of NolA which, in turn, induces NodD2 leading to inhibition of nod gene expression. Consistent with this, nolA–lacZ and nodD2–lacZ expression increased with increasing population density. Unlike the wild type, the ability to induce nodY–lacZ expression did not decline with population density in a NolA mutant. Normally, nod gene expression is repressed in planta (i.e. within nodules). However, expression of a nodY–GUS fusion was not repressed in a NolA mutant, suggesting that quorum‐sensing control may mediate in planta repression of the nod genes. Addition of conditioned medium to cultures significantly reduced nod gene expression. Treatment of inoculant cultures with conditioned medium also reduced the ability of B. japonicum to nodulate soybean plants.