Intraabdominal complications after cardiopulmonary bypass

Thirty-three intraabdominal complications occurred in 27 patients over a 16-year period in 4,629 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (0.58% incidence). The mortality was 14.8% for the intraabdominal complication group compared with 3.4% for the control group of patients ( p < 0.01). The most common complication was gastrointestinal hemorrhage (n = 20), of which esophagitis (n = 6) was the most common cause. However, patients with duodenal ulcer (n = 4) had the highest mortality; 2 patients who underwent truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty subsequently died. Two further patients underwent operation for perforated anterior duodenal ulcers without further morbidity. Cholecystitis developed in 5 patients and acute pancreatitis in 4; all were managed nonoperatively with no mortality. Multisystem organ failure developed in 2 patients, of whom 1 died. There was a significant correlation between intraabdominal complications and prolonged bypass time. The mean bypass time was 96.7 ± 28.6 minutes for the patients with gastrointestinal complications, compared with 81.7 ± 48.4 minutes for the whole group ( p < 0.01). No correlation was demonstrated for type of operation undergone or the age of the patient. In the last 5 years, 2,145 patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass, of whom 562 received pulsatile and 1,583 nonpulsatile flow. The incidence of intraabdominal complications was 0.18% (n = 1) in the pulsatile group compared with 0.63% (n = 10) for the nonpulsatile group ( p = 0.14). Intraabdominal complications, although of low incidence, carry a significantly high mortality, and the clinician must be alert in the postoperative period to institute early therapy.