Polymorphisms in cytokine genes define subpopulations of HIV-1 patients who experienced immune restoration diseases

To further elucidate the immunopathogenesis of immune restoration diseases (IRD) in HIV patients responding to antiretroviral therapy and determine whether IRD associated with different opportunistic pathogens involve distinct immunopathological mechanisms. DNA samples from patients with a range of IRD were typed for polymorphic loci in genes encoding immune-mediators. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assays were used to type loci in the and genes. Alleles of a microsatellite in the CD30 promoter were determined by capillary electrophoresis. Only 8% of patients with IRD associated with a herpesvirus infection carried IL12B-3'UTR*2, compared with 42-54% of patients with other or no IRD. Patients with IRD arising from mycobacterial infection rarely carried IL6-174*C (36% versus 61-71%) and never carried TNFA-308*2 (0% versus 23-52%). TNFA-308*2 was carried by 52% of patients who experienced IRD associated with a herpesvirus infection, as several patients with exacerbations of cytomegalovirus retinitis carried this as part of a HLA-A2,B44 haplotype. Polymorphisms in and showed no distinct patterns. Distinct cytokine-mediated mechanisms contribute to IRD initiated by herpesvirus and mycobacterial infections.