Antioxidant Activities and Antitumor Screening of Extracts from Cranberry Fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon)

Polyphenolic compounds in cranberries have been investigated to determine their role in protection against cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Extracts of whole fruit were assayed for radical-scavenging activity and tumor growth inhibition using seven tumor cell lines. Selective inhibition of K562 and HT-29 cells was observed from a methanolic extract in the range of 16−125 μg/mL. Radical-scavenging activity was greatest in an extract composed primarily of flavonol glycosides. Seven flavonol glycosides were isolated and purified from whole fruit for further evaluation; the anthocyanin cyanidin 3-galactoside was also purified for comparison with the flavonoids. Three flavonol monoglycosides were newly identified by 13C NMR as myricetin 3-α-arabinofuranoside, quercetin 3-xyloside, and 3-methoxyquercetin 3-β-galactoside (isorhamnetin); the other four isolated were the previously identified myricetin 3-β-galactoside, quercetin 3-β-galactoside, quercetin 3-α-arabinofuranoside, and quercetin 3-α-rhamnopyranoside. These compounds were evaluated for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity and ability to inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. Most of the flavonol glycosides showed antioxidant activity comparable or superior to that of vitamin E; cyanidin 3-galactoside showed activity superior to that of the flavonoids as well as vitamin E or Trolox in both antioxidant assays. Keywords: Antioxidant; antitumor; cranberry; flavonoid; anthocyanin; phenolic; radical scavenger