Transcript mutations of the α regulatory subunit of protein kinase A and up-regulation of the RNA-editing gene transcript in lupus T lymphocytes

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterised by diverse dysfunctions of immune effector cells, including proliferation and cytotoxicity. In T cells from patients with SLE, activity of type 1 protein kinase A isozymes is greatly reduced because of decreased expression of the α and β regulatory subunits (RIα and RIβ). We aimed to identify a molecular mechanism or mechanisms for this isozyme deficiency by assessing occurrence of mutations in transcripts of the RIα subunit in patients with SLE. We cloned and sequenced cDNA of RIα and corresponding genomic DNA of the coding region to detect sequence changes from eight patients with SLE and six healthy controls. Because transcript editing is regulated by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA ( ADAR), we quantified expression of ADAR1 transcripts in SLE and control T cells by competitive PCR. Sequence analyses of cDNA showed heterogeneous transcript mutations, including deletions, transitions, and transversions. We identified 1·22×10 −3/bp transcript mutations in SLE T cells—a frequency 7·5 times higher than that in control T cells. By contrast, we identified no genomic mutations. Two hotspots were identified in the RIα subunit transcripts from SLE T cells, one located adjacent to a pseudosubstrate site of the RIα subunit and the other a component of the cAMP binding A domain. ADAR1 mRNA content was 3·5 times higher in SLE cells than in control T cells (p=0·001). An RNA-editing enzyme could be converting adenosine to inosine within double-stranded regions of RNA, resulting in transcript mutations. This process could be one mechanism resulting in mutations in the RIα subunit of type 1 protein kinase A.