Synthesis and Properties of Water-Soluble Asterisk Molecules

An asterisk is comprised of six semirigid arms projecting from a benzene nucleus. In the case at hand, asterisks were synthesized with one, two, or three aromatic rings (connected by sulfur atoms) in each of the six arms. A phosphomonoester at the termini of each arm solubilized the asterisks in water. The colloidal properties of these amphiphilic molecules were investigated by UV−vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, calorimetry, light scattering, surface tensiometry, and pulse-gradient spin−echo NMR. Solubility, solubilization, metal binding, and micelle “seeding” experiments were also carried out. Chain-conformation and supramolecular assembly into remarkable molecular “scrolls” were investigated by X-ray analysis and electron microscopy, respectively. One of the more interesting properties of the asterisks is that they remain monomeric in water despite having as many as 19 hydrophobic aromatic rings exposed to the water. The reasons for this behavior, and the possibility of exploiting it for constructing enzyme models free from aggregation equilibria, are discussed.