Mast cells - a role in periodontal diseases?

Objectives: Limited attention has been given to the role mast cells may play in periodontal diseases. Background: Mast cells are indeed found abundantly below and within several types of mucosal epithelia. On the basis of their proteinase content, mast cells are divided into connective tissue (CT) and mucosal phenotypes. The CT phenotype contains both tryptase and chymase (MCTC), while the mucosal phenotype contains only tryptase (MCT). The in vivo significance of different mast cell phenotypes has not yet been fully established. Mast cells are able to phagocytose, process and present antigens as effectively as macrophages. Results: Recently mast cells were found in high numbers in chronically inflamed gingival tissue taken from patients with chronic marginal periodontitis (CMP). The number of mast cells was found to be even higher in HIV+ patients with CMP. Furthermore, mast cells also express strongly matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are key enzymes in degradation of gingival extracellular matrix. Mast cells may release preformed cytokines directing local innate and adaptive immune responses. The present review will focus on possible roles for mast cells in periodontal diseases. Conclusions: We certainly feel that this is a key cell in inflamed periodontal tissue and its role in periodontitis needs to be revisited.