Risk of macro and micronutrients deficiency in low income preschool children. Valencia, Venezuela

The dietary pattern and energy and nutrient intake as basic indicators of nutritional deficiencies were assessed in 408 preschoolers by three 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaire. Socioeconomic status (Graffar/Méndez-Castellano) and nutritional status by corporal dimensions were assessed. Student t test, ANOVA and Chi2 were applied. 95% of the children were living in poverty (62% relative and 32% critical). Nutritional deficit was present in 14% of children, being more prevalent in the group from 4 to 6.99 years of age (p < 0.01). Protein adequacy was significantly higher and iron adequacy was significantly lower in children aged 1 to 3.99 years (p < 0.005), probably related to a higher milk intake, while children aged 4 to 6.99 consumed a larger variety of foods, including corn flour fortified with iron and Vit. A. There was a deficient intake of energy and iron in 52.5%, of Vit. A in 31% and zinc in 88.6% of the children. 90% of the studied population consumed an excessive amount of proteins. The risk of deficiency was low for protein intake in all social classes and high for Vit. A, iron and zinc intake, with a higher risk for children of low socioeconomic level. The food pattern intake was based on 10 food items, suggesting a monotonous alimentation. Cereals and legumes were the main source of proteins, vit A, iron and zinc. Due to a deficient intake of calories and micronutrients, a situation of "hidden hunger" must be considered.