Possible Actions of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Ovarian Function

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is a multifunctional cytokine that was first described as a tumoricidal factor produced by activated macrophages. Extensive research over the last two decades has suggested that TNFα has physiologically diverse actions in ovarian function in a variety of species. TNFα and its specific receptors are present in the ovaries of many species. Furthermore, TNFα plays multiple and probably important roles in corpus luteum (CL) function as well as ovarian cell function throughout the estrous cycle. This review focuses on recent studies documenting TNFα in ovarian follicles and CL in several mammals. In addition, possible roles of TNFα in ovarian function throughout the estrous cycle and in the gestation period are discussed.