An NMR and Quantum-Mechanical Investigation of Tetrahydrofuran Solvent Effects on the Conformational Equilibria of 1,4-Butanedioic Acid and Its Salts

Vicinal proton−proton NMR couplings have been used to compare the influences of water and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvents on the conformational equilibria of 1,4-butanedioic (succinic) acid and its mono- and dianionic salts. An earlier NMR investigation (Lit, E. S.; Mallon, F. K.; Tsai, H. Y.; Roberts, J. D. J. Am Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9563−9567) showed that, in water, the conformational preferences for the gauche conformations for butanedioic acid and its monoanion and dianion were, respectively, ∼84%, 66%, and 43%, essentially independent of the nature of the cation or concentration. We now report the corresponding gauche percentages calculated in the same way for 0.05 M solutions in THF to be 66%, 90−100%, and 46−64%. Substantial evidence was adduced for the rotational angle between the substituents in the monoanion being ∼70°. The positions of conformational equilibria of the salts in THF, particularly of the dianion, were found to be rather insensitive to concentration and temperature, but more sensitive to the amount of water present. Ab initio quantum-mechanical calculations for 1,4-butanedioate dianion indicate that, as expected for the gas phase, the trans conformation of the dianion should be heavily favored over the gauche, but, in both THF and water, the gauche conformation is calculated to predominate with rotational angles substantially less than 60°. This conclusion is, in fact, generally consistent with the experimental vicinal proton couplings, which are wholly inconsistent with the trans conformation.