Nuclear RelB cells are found in normal lymphoid organs and in peripheral tissue in the context of inflammation, but not under normal resting conditions

Differentiated dendritic cells (DC) have been identified by the presence of nuclear RelB (nRelB) and HLA‐DR, and the absence of CD20 or high levels of CD68, in lymph nodes and active rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue. The current studies aimed to identify conditions in which nRelB is expressed in human tissues, by single and double immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed peripheral and lymphoid tissue. Normal peripheral tissue did not contain nRelB+ cells. nRelB+ DC were located only in T‐ or B‐cell areas of lymphoid tissue associated with normal organs or peripheral tissues, including tonsil, colon, spleen and thymus, or in association with T cells in inflamed peripheral tissue. Inflamed sites included skin delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction, and a wide range of tissues affected by autoimmune disease. Nuclear RelB+–HLA‐DR− follicular DC were located in B‐cell follicles in lymphoid organs and in lymphoid‐like follicles of some tissues affected by autoimmune disease. Lymphoid tissue T‐cell areas also contained nRelB−–HLA‐DR+ cells, some of which expressed CD123 and/or CD68. Nuclear RelB+ cells are found in normal lymphoid organs and in peripheral tissue in the context of inflammation, but not under normal resting conditions.