Human DNA damage checkpoints and their relevance to soft tissue sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a malignant neoplasm, arising in mesenchymal tissues, that is difficult to treat clinically because it can be highly resistant to chemo‐radiotherapy. At present, the mechanism of that resistance remains unclear. Cell cycle checkpoints engender strict control of cell proliferation, arresting the cell cycle to provide time for repair or apoptosis when DNA damage is induced by unprogrammed extrinsic events. These pathways involve at least two checkpoints: one at the G1/S transition and one at the G2/M transition. The p53 gene, which is mutated in several malignant tumors, plays an important role in DNA repair at the G1/S transition; however, there is little information on the G2/M checkpoint in STS. In the present study, several proteins (phospho‐p53, ‐cdc25, ‐cdc2, ‐Chk1 and ‐Chk2) involved in checkpoint pathways were investigated using immunohistochemistry in STS specimens. Most STSs maintain a well‐preserved G2/M checkpoint despite the loss of the G1/S checkpoint (phospho‐p53: 4.9% (2/41); ‐cdc25: 41% (17/41); ‐cdc2: 61% (25/41); ‐Chk1: 29% (12/41); ‐Chk2: 46% (19/41)). Furthermore, in a postoperative chemotherapy case the number of cells positive for phospho‐cdc25 and ‐Chk2 was higher in a recurrent tumor than in the primary tumor (n = 7, P = 0.046