Indirect Readout of the trp-Repressor−Operator Complex by B-DNA's Backbone Conformation Transitions

Although the trp-repressor−operator complex is one of the best studied transcriptional controlling systems, some questions regarding the specific recognition of the operator by the repressor remain. We performed a 2.35 ns long molecular dynamics simulation to clarify the influence of the two B-DNA backbone conformational substates BI and BI I on complexation. The trp-repressor−operator is an ideal biological system for this study because experimental results have already figured out that the interaction between the internucleotide phosphates and the protein is essential for the formation of the high affinity complex. Our simulation supports these results, but more important it shows a strong correlation between the BI/BI I phosphate substate and the number of interactions with this phosphate. In particular the BI ⇌ BII transitions occur synchronous to hydrogen bond breaking or formation. To the best of our knowledge, this was observed for the first time. Thus, we conclude that the sequence specific BI/BII behavior contributes via indirect readout to sequence specific recognition. These results have implication for the design of transcription-controlling drugs in view of the recently published influence of minor groove binders on the BI/BII pattern. The simulation also agrees with crystallographically observed hydration sites. This is consistent with experimental results and indicates the correctness of the model used.