Catecholamines are present in larval Xenopus laevis: A potential source for cardiac control

Changes in noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), and dopamine (DA) levels in the heart, kidneys, and whole body (without heart and kidneys) during embryonic development were investigated in the frog, Xenopus laevis using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the presence of cells immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH) and/or phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) in the heart of Xenopus larvae was investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. The presence of nerve fibers was visualized using antibodies against acetylated tubulin (AcT). NA and DA concentrations in the heart were low and steady in NF 40–56, showed an increased value at NF 57, and decreased again in froglets. A trend toward higher concentrations of A was observed at NF 43–49 and NF 57. Cells immunoreactive to TH, DBH, and PNMT were found in the heart from NF 40, and the TH immunoreactive cells became more abundant in the whole heart at later stages. The presence of catecholamines in the non‐innervated larval heart together with the finding of TH/DBH/PNMT immunoreactive cells suggests that catecholamines are synthesized and stored in the heart and could therefore have a paracrine role in cardiac control in Xenopus larvae. Detectable concentrations of catecholamines were also found in kidneys and whole bodies (except heart and kidneys). Therefore, catecholamine‐producing cells outside the heart can be an important source of circulating catecholamines involved in adrenergic cardiac control in Xenopus larvae. J. Exp. Zool. 292:293–303, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.