Behaviors of d- and l-Lactic Acids during the Brewing Process of Sake (Japanese Rice Wine)

The amounts of d- and l-lactic acids during the brewing process of sake were determined by capillary electrophoresis using 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector. Because l-lactic acid, which prevents the growth of nonuseful microorganisms, is a raw material of sake, the ratio of l-lactic acid to total lactic acid is almost 1.0 at the initial stage of sake brewing. During brewing, the ratio decreased gradually and finally reached 0.39. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for sake brewing produced d-lactic acid, but not l-lactic acid in a culture medium. These results suggest that the decrease in the ratio of l-lactic acid to total lactic acid during sake brewing resulted in d-lactic acid production by yeast. The ratios in 18 brands of sake obtained commercially ranged from 0.23 to 0.78. The levels of d-lactic acid in sake (140−274 mg/L) were in a narrower range than those of l-lactic acid (61−461 mg/L). Although the d-lactic acid level in sake did not correspond to total lactic acid level, the l-lactic acid level correlated well with total lactic acid level (R 2 = 0.867). These results suggest that the ratio of l-lactic acid to total lactic acid in sake reflected the amount of l-lactic acid added at the initial stage of sake brewing. Keywords: Enantiomer separation; lactic acid; sake; food analysis; capillary electrophoresis