Targeting the issues in chronic obstructive lung disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease of unclear aetiology and variable pathology among patients. Little is known about the cellular mechanisms which cause this condition and, although the incidence of COPD has been rising worldwide for some time, research efforts have only very recently increased. Medication thus far has focused on symptom treatment rather than targeting identifiable disease mechanisms. Such treatment has consisted primarily of bronchodilators, both β-agonists and anticholinergic in action. Treatment with steroids has been disappointing, except in the case of acute exacerbation, and this has shifted the research focus to characterising the inflammatory process in COPD as distinct from that in asthma. New targets for pharmacotherapy are coming to light as information is gained about specific inflammatory mediators active in COPD and the role of oxidative stress in this disease. In addition, new approaches include describing the role of exogenous antiproteases in restoring the balance between protease-antiprotease mechanisms that may be defective in this disease. Ultimately, exploration of the molecular genetics of COPD will provide new targets for future pharmacological agents.