Visualization of Highly Ordered Striated Domains Induced by Transmembrane Peptides in Supported Phosphatidylcholine Bilayers

We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the lateral organization of transmembrane TmAW2(LA)nW2Etn peptides (WALP peptides) incorporated in phospholipid bilayers. These well-studied model peptides consist of a hydrophobic alanine−leucine stretch of variable length, flanked on each side by two tryptophans. They were incorporated in saturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles, which were deposited on a solid substrate via the vesicle fusion method, yielding hydrated gel-state supported bilayers. At low concentrations (1 mol %) WALP peptides induced primarily line-type depressions in the bilayer. In addition, striated lateral domains were observed, which increased in amount and size (from 25 nm up to 10 μm) upon increasing peptide concentration. At high peptide concentration (10 mol %), the bilayer consisted mainly of striated domains. The striated domains consist of line-type depressions and elevations with a repeat distance of 8 nm, which form an extremely ordered, predominantly hexagonal pattern. Overall, this pattern was independent of the length of the peptides (19−27 amino acids) and the length of the lipid acyl chains (16−18 carbon atoms). The striated domains could be pushed down reversibly by the AFM tip and are thermodynamically stable. This is the first direct visualization of α-helical transmembrane peptide−lipid domains in a bilayer. We propose that these striated domains consist of arrays of WALP peptides and fluidlike PC molecules, which appear as low lines. The presence of the peptides perturbs the bilayer organization, resulting in a decrease in the tilt of the lipids between the peptide arrays. These lipids therefore appear as high lines.