Urinary Pharmacokinetics of the Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates of Genistein and Daidzein

Consumption of soybean-rich diets is thought to provide significant health benefits such as prevention of cancer, primarily because of the high contents of factors such as the isoflavones genistein and daidzein. Isoflavones circulate and are excreted into the urine mainly as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. This study was conducted to determine the urinary pharmacokinetics of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of genistein and daidzein. Twelve volunteers consumed a soy beverage providing 1 and 0.6 mg/kg body weight of genistein and daidzein equivalents, respectively. Urine was collected at various times during the 48 h after soy consumption and was digested with either glucuronidase or sulfatase, and the liberated aglycones were extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Urinary isoflavone sulfate levels were determined by two methods: ( a ) assessment of aglycone after sulfatase hydrolysis (measured); or ( b ) calculated by subtracting the aglycone + glucuronide levels from the total urinary isoflavone levels. The apparent terminal half-life for daidzein sulfate (3.9 ± 0.5 h) that was determined from sulfatase-treated urine was 32% shorter ( P ≤ 0.02) than that of the calculated daidzein sulfate (5.7 ± 0.08 h). A similar trend was obtained for genistein sulfate (4.5 ± 0.7 versus 6.8 ± 0.1 h). The apparent terminal half-lives for genistein and daidzein glucuronides were 6.0 ± 0.4 and 3.8 ± 0.4 h, respectively. These data suggest that the measured urinary isoflavone sulfate values provide a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics than the calculated values. Additional studies are needed to determine whether the apparent terminal half-lives can be attributed to elimination or absorption processes.