Yeast Cystathionine β-Synthase Is a Pyridoxal Phosphate Enzyme but, Unlike the Human Enzyme, Is Not a Heme Protein

Our studies of cystathionine β-synthase fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) are aimed at (1) clarifying the cofactor dependence and catalytic mechanism and (2) obtaining a system for future investigations of the effects of mutations that cause human disease (homocystinuria or coronary heart disease). We report methods that yielded high expression of the yeast gene in Escherichia coli and of purified yeast cystathionine β-synthase. The absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the homogeneous enzyme were characteristic of a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme and showed the absence of heme, which is found in human and rat cystathionine β-synthase. The absence of heme in the yeast enzyme facilitates spectroscopic studies to probe the catalytic mechanism. The reaction of the enzyme with l-serine in the absence of l-homocysteine produced the aldimine of aminoacrylate, which absorbed at 460 nm and had a strong negative circular dichroism band at 460 nm. The formation of this intermediate from the product, l-cystathionine, demonstrates the partial reversibility of the reaction. Our results establish the overall catalytic mechanism of yeast cystathionine β-synthase and provide a useful system for future studies of structure and function. The absence of heme in the functional yeast enzyme suggests that heme does not play an essential catalytic role in the rat and human enzymes. The results are consistent with the absence of heme in the closely related enzymesO-acetylserine sulfhydrylase, threonine deaminase, and tryptophan synthase.