Apoptosis is Initiated by Myocardial Ischemia and Executed During Reperfusion

Ischemia/reperfusion leading to myocyte cell death has been reported as either necrotic or apoptotic or a combination of both. The importance of necrosis is well established but the role of apoptosis and the time of initiation are still unknown. Normothermic global ischemia of either 45 or 90 min duration followed by 6 h of reperfusion were induced in isolated canine hearts. After 45 min of ischemia, left ventricular function and adenine nucleotide (AN) content had recovered during reperfusion indicating reversible injury. DNA fragmentation determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) was absent as was the 85 kDa fragment of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). After 90 min of ischemia, electron microscopy indicated necrotic cell death in 90% of myocytes. Recovery of function and AN content during reperfusion was minimal. At the end of ischemia, caspase-3 was activated in 30% of all myocytes and PARP 85 kDa fragments were present by Western blot, indicating initiation of the apoptotic cascade. Lamin-B1labeling was significantly reduced from 90% in myocytes in control and ischemia to 30% in early reperfusion. Completion of apoptosis seen by TUNEL was evident in late reperfusion (7.6% of myocytes and 8.3% of non-myocytes). Experiments with 6 h ischemia without reperfusion showed absence of DNA fragmentation. We conclude that apoptotic cell death is initiated by ischemia but that reperfusion is needed for completion of the apoptotic cascade. Furthermore, it is concluded that cell death in acute global ischemia followed by reperfusion occurs predominantly by necrosis and that apoptosis is of minor importance in this pathophysiological situation.