Molecular mechanism of translocation through nuclear pore complexes during nuclear protein import

The trafficking of macromolecules between cytoplasm and nucleus through nuclear pore complexes is mediated by specific carrier molecules such as members of the importin-β family. Nuclear pore proteins (nucleoporins) frequently contain sequence repeats based on FG cores and carriers appear to move their cargo through the pores by hopping between successive FG cores. A major question is why some macromolecules are transported while others are not. This selectivity may be generated by the ability to bind FG repeats, a local concentration of carrier–cargo complexes near the entrance to the pore channel, and steric hindrance produced by high concentrations of nucleoporins in the channel.