A key role for ICAM-1 in generating effector cells mediating inflammatory responses

We investigated how the accessory molecule interactions encountered during T cell priming influence T cell–mediated destruction of insulin-producing β cells and lead to type 1 diabetes. T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic CD4 + T cells were primed under controlled conditions in vitro before being adoptively transferred into transgenic recipients expressing membrane ovalbumin under the control of the rat insulin promoter (RIP-mOVA). During priming, antigen-presenting cell expression of B7-1 without intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) led to the generation of effector cells that migrated to the pancreata of RIP-mOVA recipients but did not cause diabetes. In contrast, when T cells were primed with APCs expressing both B7-1 and ICAM-1, pronounced destruction of β cells and a rapid onset of diabetes were observed. Pathogenicity was associated with T cell production of the macrophage-attracting chemokines CCL3 and CCL4. Thus, interactions of lymphocyte function–associated antigen 1 with ICAM-1 during priming induce both qualitative and quantitative alterations in T effector function and induce potentially autodestructive responses.