The Major Cyclic Trimeric Product of Indole-3-carbinol Is a Strong Agonist of the Estrogen Receptor Signaling Pathway

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a component of Brassica vegetables, is under study as a preventive agent of cancers of the breast and other organs. Following ingestion, I3C is converted to a series of oligomeric products that presumably are responsible for the in vivo effects of I3C. We report the effects of the major trimeric product, 5,6,11,12,17,18-hexahydrocyclonona[1,2-b:4,5-b‘:7,8-b‘ ‘]triindole (CTr), on the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathways. Tumor-promoting effects of high doses of I3C may be due to activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated pathways; therefore, we also examined the effects of CTr on AhR activated processes. We observed that CTr is a strong agonist of ER function. CTr stimulated the proliferation of estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cells to a level similar to that produced by estradiol (E2) but did not affect the growth of the estrogen-independent cell line, MDA-MD-231. CTr displaced E2 in competitive-binding studies and activated ER-binding to an estrogen responsive DNA element in gel mobility shift assays with EC50s of about 0.1 μM. CTr activated transcription of an E2-responsive endogenous gene and exogenous reporter genes in transfected MCF-7 cells, also with high potency. CTr failed to activate AhR-mediated pathways, consistent with the low-binding affinity of CTr for the AhR reported previously. Comparisons of the conformational characteristics of CTr with other ER ligands indicated a remarkable similarity with tamoxifen, a selective ER antagonist used as a breast cancer therapeutic agent and suggest an excellent fit of CTr into the ligand-binding site of the ER.