Signaling Pathways for Cardiac Hypertrophy and Failure

Heart failure is a leading cause of mortality in the United States. As a result of advances in genetic technology, a molecular basis of heart failure is emerging. 1 , 2 This review highlights the ways in which these insights are leading to new therapeutic targets in patients with acquired forms of heart failure. Morphologic Classification of Cardiac Hypertrophy Myocardial hypertrophy is an early milestone during the clinical course of heart failure and an important risk factor for subsequent cardiac morbidity and mortality. In response to a variety of mechanical, hemodynamic, hormonal, and pathologic stimuli, the heart adapts to increased demands for . . .