Effects of estrogen, raloxifene, and hormone replacement therapy on serum C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels

To investigate the effects of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE), CEE plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), CEE plus Nomegestrol acetate (NA), and raloxifene on serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) levels in healthy postmenopausal women. One hundred seven healthy postmenopausal women were recruited in a prospective, randomized, and placebo-controlled 6 months study. Of these, 18 were hysterectomized and received daily oral 0.625 mg CEE. Eighty nine non-hysterectomized women were randomly allocated to one of four groups: a group (22 patients) treated with CEE, 0.625 mg/daily plus MPA 2.5 mg/daily; a group (22 patients) treated with CEE, 0.625 mg/daily plus NA 5 mg/daily; a group (23 patients) treated with raloxifene hydrocloride, 60 mg once daily; and a placebo group (22 patients). Hcy and hs-CRP were measured at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. CEE (20%, P = 0.03) and CEE + MPA (59%, P = 0.006) increased serum hs-CRP levels significantly, whereas CEE + NA decreased serum hs-CRP by 25% ( P = 0.01). Raloxifene had no significant effect on serum hs-CRP levels during and after the treatment. In all active treatment groups serum Hcy levels decreased significantly compared to baseline and placebo. Conjugated equine estrogen, hormone replacement therapies, and raloxifene lower serum Hcy levels to a comparable extent in postmenopausal women. Hs-CRP, as a cardiovascular risk factor, is not influenced by raloxifene, whereas CEE and CEE plus MPA significantly increase hs-CRP levels. Treatment with CEE plus NA reduces serum hs-CRP levels.