Transfer of regulatory T cells generated ex vivo modifies graft rejection through induction of tolerogenic CD4+CD25+ cells in the recipient

Certain CD4+CD25+ T cells can induce and maintain T-cell non-responsiveness to donor alloantigens and have therapeutic potential in solid organ transplantation. Peripheral CD4+CD25− cells alloactivated with IL-2 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) ex vivo express the transcription factor FoxP3, and become potent antigen-specific CD4+CD25− suppressor cells. Here we report that the transfer of TGF-β-induced regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Tregs) co-incident with transplantation of a histoincompatible heart resulted in extended allograft survival. To account for this result, we injected non-transplanted mice with a single dose of CD4+ and CD8+ Tregs and transferred donor cells every 2 weeks to mimic the continuous stimulation of a transplant. We observed increased splenic CD4+CD25+ cells that were of recipient origin. These cells rendered the animals non-responsive to donor alloantigens by an antigen-specific and cytokine-dependent mechanism of action. Both the increased number of CD4+CD25+ cells and their tolerogenic effect were dependent on continued donor antigen boosting. Thus, Tregs generated ex vivo can act like a vaccine that generates host suppressor cells with the potential to protect MHC-mismatched organ grafts from rejection.