Substrate specificity of insect trypsins and the role of their subsites in catalysis

Trypsins have high sequence similarity, although the responses of insect trypsins to chemical and natural inhibitors suggest they differ in specificities. Purified digestive trypsins from insects of four different orders were assayed with internally quenched fluorescent oligopeptides with two different amino acids at P1 (Arg/Lys) and 15 amino acid replacements in positions P1′, P2′, P2, and P3. The binding energy ( Δ G s , calculated from K m values) and the activation energy ( Δ G T ‡ , determined from k cat / K m values) were calculated. Dictyoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera trypsins hydrolyze peptides with Arg at P 1 at least 3 times more efficiently than peptides with Lys at P 1, whereas Lepidoptera trypsins have no preference between Arg and Lys at that position. The hydrophobicities of each subsite were calculated from the efficiency of hydrolysis of the different amino acid replacements at that subsite. The results suggested that insect trypsin subsites become progressively more hydrophobic along evolution. Apparently, this is an adaptation to resist plant protein inhibitors, which usually have polar residues at their reactive sites. Results also suggested that, at least in lepidopteran trypsins, S3, S2, S1′, and S2′ significantly bind the substrate ground state, whereas in the transition state only S1′ and S2′ do that, supporting aspects of the presently accepted mechanism of trypsin catalysis. Homology modeling showed differences among those trypsins that may account for the varied kinetic properties