Stroke as the first manifestation of concealed cancer

Abstract Background and purpose Trousseau's syndrome (TS) is defined as a malignancy–related thromboembolism occurring in patients with an underlying or undiagnosed malignancy. Stroke seldom occurs as the first manifestation of a cancer. We investigated the clinical and radiological features of patients with TS. Methods We reviewed the clinical, pathologic, and radiological records of consecutive stroke patients, whose cancers were diagnosed at stroke presentation. Cancer-related stroke was defined if no definite cause was confirmed and malignancy was detected within 6 months of first stroke onset without cancer-related treatment. All patients underwent brain diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI), MR angiography, and echocardiography. The sizes, numbers, and locations of all hyperintense lesions in the DWI were noted. Results Ten patients were finally analyzed. Histologically, cancers were often proven to adenocarcinomas (50%, 5/10) of advanced stage. Six of 10 patients tested (60%) had elevated D-dimer. Seven of the 10 patients (70%) showed bihemispheric anterior and posterior involvement. DWI features showed numerous small and medium or large lesions in multiple territories in 9 patients (90%). Conclusions The authors emphasize that when presented with multiple bihemispheric infarctions on DWI and an unknown etiology, the neurologist must consider the existence of a concealed cancer.