FLT3 mutation and AML / ETO in a case of Myelodysplastic syndrome in transformation corroborates the two hit model of leukemogenesis

Abstract The aim of this report is to present a case of Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) who presented, during AML transformation, a step-wise genetic progression that corroborates the two hit model of leukemogenesis. A RCDM-RS (WHO)/RARS (FAB) patient with normal karyotype at diagnosis, evolved into AML after six months of follow up. At transformation, AML/ETO fusion was detected, although marrow blast cells were not increased until 21 days later, when FLT3-ITD was also demonstrated pointing out that the overgrowth of the FLT3/ITD clone was concomitant with the outburst of marrow blasts. These findings corroborates the two hit model of leukemogenesis in which one class of mutations (Class I) (FLT3/ITD) confers a proliferative or survival advantage to cells, and a second class of mutations (Class II) (AML/ETO) interferes with hematopoietic differentiation.