123I-ITdU-mediated nanoirradiation of DNA efficiently induces cell kill in HL60 leukemia cells and in doxorubicin-, beta-, or gamma-radiation-resistant cell lines

Resistance to radiotherapy or chemotherapy is a common cause of treatment failure in high-risk leukemias. We evaluated whether selective nanoirradiation of DNA with Auger electrons emitted by 5-(123)I-iodo-4'-thio-2'-deoxyuridine ((123)I-ITdU) can induce cell kill and break resistance to doxorubicin, beta-, and gamma-irradiation in leukemia cells. 4'-thio-2'-deoxyuridine was radiolabeled with (123/131)I and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Cellular uptake, metabolic stability, DNA incorporation of (123)I-ITdU, and the effect of the thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitor 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) were determined in HL60 leukemia cells. DNA damage was assessed with the comet assay and quantified by the olive tail moment. Apoptosis induction and irradiation-induced apoptosis inhibition by benzoylcarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (z-VAD.fmk) were analyzed in leukemia cells using flow cytometry analysis. The radiochemical purity of ITdU was 95%. Specific activities were 900 GBq/micromol for (123)I-ITdU and 200 GBq/micromol for (131)I-ITdU. An in vitro cell metabolism study of (123)I-ITdU with wild-type HL60 cells demonstrated an uptake of 1.5% of the initial activity/10(6) cells of (123)I-ITdU. Ninety percent of absorbed activity from (123)I-ITdU in HL60 cells was specifically incorporated into DNA. (123)I-ITdU caused extensive DNA damage (olive tail moment > 12) and induced more than 90% apoptosis in wild-type HL60 cells. The broad-spectrum inhibitor of caspases zVAD-fmk reduced (123)I-ITdU-induced apoptosis from more than 90% to less than 10%, demonstrating that caspases were central for (123)I-ITdU-induced cell death. Inhibition of TS with FdUrd increased DNA uptake of (123)I-ITdU 18-fold and the efficiency of cell kill about 20-fold. In addition, (123)I-ITdU induced comparable apoptotic cell death (>90%) in sensitive parental leukemia cells and in leukemia cells resistant to beta-irradiation, gamma-irradiation, or doxorubicin at activities of 1.2, 4.1, 12.4, and 41.3 MBq/mL after 72 h. This finding indicates that (123)I-ITdU breaks resistance to beta-irradiation, gamma-irradiation, and doxorubicin in leukemia cells. (123)I-ITdU-mediated nanoirradiation of DNA efficiently induced apoptosis in sensitive and resistant leukemia cells against doxorubicin, beta-irradiation, and gamma-irradiation and may provide a novel treatment strategy for overcoming resistance to conventional radiotherapy or chemotherapy in leukemia. Cellular upta