Influence of Different Implant Surfaces on Peri‐Implant Osteogenesis: Histomorphometric Analysis in Sheep

Background: The present study investigated peri‐implant osteogenesis and implant biologic fixation in different zirconia sandblasted endosseous titanium surfaces (SLA‐60 and SLA‐120) and a turned titanium surface (T) 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. Methods: Seventy‐two implant screws were implanted in tibia of six sheep. Histologic sections of implants (2 and 4 weeks after surgery) were analyzed with light microscopy for histomorphometric analysis of bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC), bone ingrowth (BI), and bone surface (BS/BV). Histologic blocks were used to perform bone microhardness studies next to the implants. Some implants were also observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: In general, the highest values of BIC, BI, BS/BV, and Vickers hardness number (HV) were measured in SLA‐60 samples, followed by SLA‐120 and T implants. Two weeks after surgery, all the implants appeared biologically fixed by a newly formed woven bone arranged in thin bone trabeculae and filling the gap between implant and host bone. Four weeks after implantation, the thickness of the woven bone trabeculae had increased, especially around the SLA‐60 and SLA‐120 implants by a gradual deposition of parallel‐fiber bone. Conclusions: Our results suggest that, in the early period of peri‐implant healing, the implant surface morphology that seemed to influence the increase of peri‐implant osteogenesis, bone turnover, and peri‐implant bone maturation was SLA‐60. We suggest that this surface, characterized by moderately deep titanium cavities very similar to the osteocyte lacunae, could act as a microscopic scaffold for mesenchymal and/or osteoblast‐like cells adhesion.