Relationships of blood lead to calcium, iron, and vitamin C intakes in Brazilian pregnant women

Summary Background & aims This study aimed to determine the relationship between blood lead concentrations and calcium, iron and vitamin C dietary intakes of pregnant women. Methods Included in the study were 55 women admitted to a hospital, for delivery, from June to August 2002. A food frequency questionnaire was applied to determine calcium, iron and vitamin C intakes, and a general questionnaire to obtain data on demographic–socioeconomic condition, obstetric history, smoking habit, and alcohol intake. Blood lead and haemoglobin were determined, respectively, by atomic absorption spectrometry and by the haemoglobinometer HemoCue® . Multiple linear regression models were used to determine the relationship between blood lead and calcium, iron and vitamin C intakes, and haemoglobin levels, controlling for confounders. Results The final model of the regression analysis detected an inverse relationship between blood lead and age of the women ( p =0.011), haemoglobin ( p =0.001), vitamin C ( p =0.012), and calcium intake ( p