Immunolocalization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors in inflammatory myopathies

Adhesion molecule upregulation occurs in inflammatory myopathies, and is one of the myriad functions of tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α). TNF- α acts via two different receptors of 55 (TNF-R55) and 75 kD (TNF-R75). We immunolocalized TNF- α and its receptors in polymyositis, inclusion body myositis and dermatomyositis. In each myopathy, TNF- α was detected in macrophages, in myonuclei in regenerating muscle fibers, and freely dispersed in endomysial or perimysial connective tissue. Many endothelial cells in dermatomyositis expressed TNF- α. TNF-R55 was strongly expressed on myonuclei of regenerating muscle fibers. TNF-R75 was increased on endothelial cells in the midst of inflammatory infiltrates in each myopathy, and on perifascicular and perimysial endothelia, remote from inflammatory foci in dermatomyositis. Possible TNF- α-mediated effects include: increased transendothelial cell trafficking, activation of T/B cells and macrophages, induction of MHC-I gene products, and focal muscle fiber atrophy. In dermatomyositis, the upregulated TNF-R75, via its consensus elements for transcription factors, may be involved in endothelial cell degeneration. Strong TNF-R55 expression on regenerating myonuclei is consistent with a role of TNF- α and TNF-R55 in muscle regeneration.