Platelet membrane integrity during storage and activation

BACKGROUND: The platelet cell membrane appears to undergo a lipid‐phase transition on cooling from 23°C to 4°C. Consequences of this phase transition are leakage of cellular material and irreversible cellular damage. Whether agents, of known benefit in protecting membranes and proteins from cooling and drying injury, could also protect platelets was investigated. Leakage of cytosolic components was assessed by measuring the release of fluorescein into the surrounding medium. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Fresh platelets were suspended in 5 percent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or in 5 mM of one the following agents: glucose, trehalose, sucrose, glycerol, ethylene glycol, 1,2‐propanediol, or l‐proline. Platelets were loaded with 10 nM fluorescein diacetate (FD), chilled at 4°C for 24 hours or frozen at –1°C per minute to –70°C, warmed rapidly at 37°C, and centrifuged, and the supernatant was measured for the presence of fluorescein. The effect of FD on platelets was assessed by agglutination with ristocetin, aggregation with thrombin and ADP, platelet‐induced clot retraction, and expression of p‐selectin. Platelet function and activation before and after freezing or cooling were measured by the same methods. RESULTS: By flow cytometry, 98 percent of the platelets incorporated FD. The trapped fluorescein resulted in neither platelet activation (p = 0.9) nor reduction of platelet function (p = 0.12‐0.94) from that in control platelets. Freezing of platelets in DMSO caused far less release of fluorescein than did freezing with other agents (p