Slow programmable and ultra-rapid freezing of human embryos

Aim: To compare the outcomes of slow freezing with ultra‐rapid freezing (URF) of cleavage‐stage human embryos on aluminum foil. Methods: Two‐cell mouse embryos were used to test our method of ultra‐rapid freezing. The embryos were randomly allocated to a non‐frozen control (208 embryos), and slow (204 embryos) or ultra‐rapid freezing groups (204 embryos). Immediate survival rate, further cleavage and blastocyst formation were compared. After validating our ultra‐rapid freezing method on mouse embryos, we applied a similar ultra‐rapid freezing protocol to human embryos. Consecutive human frozen/thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles from October 1998 to June 2005 were reviewed. The survival rate, further cleavage rate and the pregnancy outcomes were compared between the URF and slow programmable freezing. Results: Mouse embryos in the URF group survived the freezing/thawing process better than those in the slow freezing group (93.1% vs 82.8%, P = 0.001). Blastocyst and hatching blastocyst formation of the surviving embryos were comparable in the URF and slow freezing group (59% vs 58.6%, P = 0.944 and 32.6% vs 42%, P = 0.066, respectively). There were 146 human FET cycles in the URF group and 28 cycles in the slow freezing group. The immediate survival of embryos was higher in the URF group than in the slow freezing group (87.9% and 64.3%, P