Paths to Leisure Physical Activity among Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: Self-Efficacy and Social Support

Purpose. This study tested a path model that included perceptions of social support and self-efficacy for leisure physical activity and leisure physical activity participation among adults with intellectual disabilities. Design. A cross-sectional design was used. Data was collected via oral interview. Setting. Community-based group, supported-living settings in one Midwestern state. Sample. A total of 152 adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities, which provided a 39% response rate. Measures. Self-efficacy and social support (from family, residential staff, and peers with disabilities) for leisure physical activity were assessed using self-reported scales. Leisure physical activity participation was measured with a self-reported checklist of the frequency of leisure physical activity participation. Analysis. Path analysis was conducted for the entire sample and was repeated for younger and older age groups. Results. The hypothesized model fit the data from each group. Social support and self-efficacy predicted physical activity participation, and self-efficacy served as a mediator between social support and physical activity. Significant sources of social support differed between groups; among younger participants, social support from family predicted physical activity, whereas, for the older group, social support from staff and peers predicted physical activity. Conclusion. Self-efficacy and social support for leisure physical activity are related to leisure physical activity participation among adults with intellectual disabilities who are receiving supported-living services. The results provide information to guide health promotion programs for this group.