Hemoglobin Adducts and Mercapturic Acid Excretion of Acrylamide and Glycidamide in One Study Population

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the oxidative and reductive metabolic pathways of acrylamide (AA) in the nonsmoking general population. For the first time both the blood protein adducts and the urinary metabolites of AA and glycidamide (GA) were quantified in an especially designed study group with even distribution of age and gender. The hemoglobin adducts N-carbamoylethylvaline (AAVal) and N-(R,S)-2-hydroxy-2-carbamoylethylvaline (GAVal) were detected by GC-MS/MS in all blood samples with median levels of 30 and 34 pmol/g of globin, respectively. Concentrations ranged from 15 to 71 pmol/g of globin for AAVal and from 14 to 66 pmol/g of globin for GAVal. The ratio GAVal/AAVal was 0.4−2.7 (median = 1.1). The urinary metabolites were determined by LC-MS/MS. Of all urine samples examined 99% of N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-l-cysteine (AAMA) levels and 73% of N-(R/S)-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-l-cysteine (GAMA) levels were above the LOD (1.5 μg/L). Concentrations ranged from