Nucleation of Calcium Carbonate as Polymorphic Crystals in the Presence of Lipid A-Diphosphate

The well-defined structure of lipid A-diphosphate in aqueous solutions provides a way of observing the formation of calcium carbonate crystals. The crystals are either tetrahedral or rhombohedral calcite at a volume fraction of ϕ = 5.4 × 10−4 at pH 5.8 or the vaterite polymorph of CaCO3 at a volume fraction of ϕ = 7.8 × 10−4 at pH 5.8. In both cases, nucleation, adsorption pH, and the shape-dependent template of lipid A-diphosphate control the formation of the calcite and vaterite.