Angiotensinogen gene T235 variant: a marker for the development of persistent microalbuminuria in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Aim We examined genetic polymorphisms in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) coding for angiotensin I-converting enzyme ( ACE ) insertion/deletion ( I/D ) for angiotensinogen ( AGT ) M235T and angiotensin II receptor type 1 ( AGTR1 ) A1166C as predictors for the development of microalbuminuria (MA) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods Four hundred fifty-three (215 males, 238 females) T1DM children [median (interquartile range): age, 16.7 years (13.9–18.3); diabetes duration, 6.9 years (3.3–10.8); age at diagnosis, 9.1 years (5.8–11.8)] were followed prospectively from diagnosis until the development of MA (two of three consecutive overnight urine samples with albumin excretion rates of ≥20 and