Visual-discrimination learning ability and β-amyloid accumulation in the dog

Young, middle-aged, and old beagle dogs were tested on several visual-discrimination tasks: reward- and object-approach learning, object discrimination and reversal, long-term retention of a reversal problem, and a size-discrimination task. β-Amyloid accumulation in the entorhinal, prefrontal, parietal, and occipital cortices was quantified using immunohistochemical and imaging techniques at the conclusion of cognitive testing. Middle-aged and old dogs were impaired in size-discrimination learning. In each task, a subset of aged dogs was impaired relative to age-matched peers. β-Amyloid accumulation was age-dependent. However, not all middle-aged and old dogs showed β-amyloid accumulation in the entorhinal cortex. The error scores from dogs tested with a nonpreferred object during visual discrimination learning and from reversal learning were correlated with β-amyloid in the prefrontal but not entorhinal cortex. Size-discrimination and reward and object-approach learning error scores were correlated with β-amyloid accumulation in the entorhinal but not prefrontal cortex. The results of these studies support an association between cognitive test and the location and extent of β-amyloid pathology.