A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy

Objective To study the antiepileptic effects of rTMS in patients with refractory epilepsy and malformations of cortical development in a randomized, double‐blind, sham‐controlled trial. Methods Twenty‐one patients with malformations of cortical development and refractory epilepsy underwent five consecutive sessions of low‐frequency rTMS, either sham or active (1Hz, 1,200 pulses), focally targeting the malformations of cortical development. The number of epileptiform discharges in the electroencephalogram and the number of clinical seizures were measured before (baseline), immediately after, as well as 30 and 60 days after rTMS treatment. Results rTMS significantly decreased the number of seizures in the active compared with sham rTMS group (p < 0.0001), and this effect lasted for at least 2 months. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the number of epileptiform discharges immediately after (p = 0.01) and at week 4 (p = 0.03) in the active rTMS group only. There were few mild adverse effects equally distributed in both groups. The preliminary cognitive evaluation suggests improvement in some aspects of cognition in the active rTMS group only. Interpretation Noninvasive brain stimulation for epilepsy may be an alternative treatment for pharmaco‐resistant patients with clearly identifiable seizure foci in the cortical convexity and who are not eligible for surgical treatment. Ann Neurol 2006;60:447–455