Current options, and long-term results for interventional treatment of pulmonary valvar stenosis

From 25 to 39 millimetres is considered mild, from 40 to 70 is moderate, and greater than 70 millimetres is severe.23 The peak instantaneous gradient assessed by continuous wave Doppler will accurately predict the peak systolic catheter gradient, and has become a useful noninvasive technique for serial assessment.24 Moderate-to-severe stenosis is typically progressive, and left untreated will lead to symptoms of dyspnoea, fatigue, and exercise intolerance.23,25-27 Interventions are indicated to relieve moderate-to-severe stenosis, therefore, to reduce and prevent progressive obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, right ventricular hypertrophy, and fibrosis, all of these, if left untreated, leading to eventual right ventricular dysfunction.