Separating Atrial Flutter From Atrial Fibrillation With Apparent Electrocardiographic Organization Using Dominant and Narrow F-Wave Spectra

Separating Atrial Flutter From Atrial Fibrillation With Apparent Electrocardiographic Organization Using Dominant and Narrow F-Wave Spectra Bobbi L. Hoppe, Andrew M. Kahn, Gregory K. Feld, Alborz Hassankhani, Sanjiv M. Narayan In electrocardiograms (ECGs) showing “organized” atrial fibrillation (AF) or flutter (AFL) with atypical F waves, we hypothesized that F-wave spectra representing a solitary circuit would identify AFL. In 39 patients with ECGs showing atypical F waves coded as “AF/AFL” (from 134 ablation referrals), filtered ECG spectral peaks in patients with electrophysiologic study-verified AFL were taller (p < 0.001) and narrower (p < 0.001) than in AF. Narrow dominant peaks identified all patients with AFL (n = 21) but none with AF (n = 18; p < 0.01). A team of seven cardiologists provided a lower diagnostic accuracy (82.1 %; p < 0.01). In ambiguous ECGs, spectral evidence for a solitary macro–re-entrant circuit accurately identifies AFL. The purpose of this study was to separate atrial flutter (AFL) with atypical F waves from fibrillation (AF) with “apparent organization.” We hypothesized that F-wave spectra should reveal a dominant and narrow peak in AFL, reflecting its single macro–re-entrant wave front, but broad spectra in AF, reflecting multiple wave fronts. We identified 39 patients with electrocardiograms (ECGs) of “AFL/AF” or “coarse AF” from 134 consecutive patients referred for ablation: 21 had AFL (18 atypical, 3 typical), 18 had AF, and all were successfully ablated. Filtered atrial ECGs were created by cross-correlating F waves to successive ECG time points. Dominant peaks between 3 and 10 Hz were identified from power spectra of X (lead V5), Y (aVF), and Z (V1) axes, and for each, we calculated height (relative to two adjacent spectral points) and area ratio to envelopes of bandwidth 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 Hz (range 0 to 1, where higher ratios reflect narrower peaks). Dominant peaks had greater relative height for AFL than AF (three-axis mean: 14.2 ± 6.4 dB vs. 6.6 ± 2.1 dB; p < 0.001). Peak area ratios were also higher for AFL than AF for all envelopes (p < 0.001). For the 2.5-Hz envelope, the separation (0.61 ± 0.14 vs. 0.35 ± 0.05, respectively; p < 0.001) enabled a ratio ≥0.44 to identify all cases of AFL from AF (p < 0.001). A panel of seven cardiologists blinded to clinical data provided lower diagnostic accuracy (82.1%; p < 0.01). In ambiguous ECGs with atypical F waves, spectral evidence for a solitary activation cy