Growth and Development during Early Manhood as Determinants of Prostate Size in Later Life

Background: Age and androgens are key determinants of benign prostate hyperplasia, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We examine the relationship between androgens and total, central, and peripheral prostate volume with a focus on early life factors. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study of 406 community-dwelling Australian men aged 20–82 yr old without known prostate disease. Prostate zonal (total, central, and peripheral) volumes were measured by planimetric transrectal ultrasound. Participants completed questionnaires, underwent physical examination, and provided blood samples to measure total, free, and bioavailable testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, SHBG, LH, FSH, and prostate-specific antigen. Results: Prostate zonal volumes were positively associated with age, prostate-specific antigen, early onset of puberty, current height, body surface area, lean body mass, hip and waist circumference as well as recalled height and weight during puberty and adolescence but not current weight, fat mass, or body mass index. Stepwise multivariate regression modeling indicated that age and height were the only independent predictors of prostate zonal volumes. When adjusted for age and sampling time of day, the negative correlations of age-adjusted prostate zonal volumes with current blood total, free, and bioavailable testosterone and the positive correlation with blood SHBG were no longer significant. Conclusions: This study suggests that early and long-term androgen exposure may have long-acting effects on mature prostate zonal volumes, whereas relationships with current blood androgens and related hormones levels were mostly a result of confounding by age. Additional studies on the mechanism of androgen effects on late-life prostate diseases should consider lasting effects of early-life androgen exposure.