Protective effect of vitamin E supplements on experimental atherosclerosis is modest and depends on preexisting vitamin E deficiency

Vitamin E has failed to protect humans from cardiovascular disease outcome, yet its role in experimental atherosclerosis remains less clear. A previous study ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:13830–13834; 2000) showed that vitamin E deficiency caused by disruption of the α-tocopherol transfer protein gene ( Ttpa) is associated with a modest increase in atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E gene deficient ( Apoe −/−) mice. Here we confirm this finding and report that in Apoe −/− Ttpa −/− mice dietary α-tocopherol (αT) supplements restored circulating and aortic levels of αT, and decreased atherosclerosis in the aortic root to a level comparable to that seen in Apoe −/− mice. However, such dietary supplements did not decrease disease in Apoe −/− mice, whereas dietary supplements with a synthetic vitamin E analog (BO-653), either alone or in combination with αT, decreased atherosclerosis in Apoe −/− and in Apoe −/− Ttpa −/− mice. Differences in atherosclerosis were not associated with changes in the arterial concentrations of F 2-isoprostanes and cholesterylester hydro(pero)xides, nor were they reflected in the resistance of plasma lipids to ex vivo oxidation. These results show that vitamin E at best has a modest effect on experimental atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice, and only in situations of severe vitamin E deficiency and independent of lipid oxidation in the vessel wall.