Lack of Association between the Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in HIV-1–Infected South African Children

We investigated the nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in 355 children hospitalized with severe pneumonia. Of the children, 239 (67.3%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–1 positive; 169 (47.6%) carried S. pneumoniae 91 (25.6%) carried S. aureus and 33 (9.3%) carried both. S. pneumoniae carriage was not related to HIV-1 status. The HIV-1–positive children had a significantly higher rate of S. aureus carriage than did the HIV-1–negative children (31.4% vs. 13.8%; P